48 Popular Gods & Immortals from Chinese Mythology

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Learn about some of the most interesting Chinese myths
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For thousands of years, myths and folklore have shaped Chinese culture. The Chinese gods are said to rule over different aspects of life and nature and are credited with many inventions that have helped humanity. In this article, we’ll walk you through some of the most popular gods, deities, and immortals in Chinese mythology. Keep reading to learn more.

Popular Chinese Deities

An illustration depicting different gods and deities from Chinese mythology
  • The Jade Emperor: the Supreme Ruler of Heaven and the first emperor of China
  • Pangu: A hairy beast who created the universe when he hatched from an egg
  • Hou Yi: A legendary archer who saved the world from the 10 suns
  • Yue Lao: The god of love and marriage who ties partners together with a red string
  • Xiwangmu: A powerful goddess who has complete control over life and death
1

Bixia

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  1. Bixia is the goddess of fertility and the guardian of children.
    Her full name is Bìxiá Yuánjūn (碧霞元君), which means “Her Majesty of the Blue Dawn.” She is believed to protect mothers and children and is also responsible for the dawn. According to mythology, she set the Yellow River back into place after the Great Flood of China. Taoists also identify her as the ancient goddess Xiwangmu.[1]
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2

Caishen

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  1. Caishen is the god of wealth and money.
    He is honored in both Taoism and Chinese folklore, especially during Chinese New Year, when people hope he will bless their upcoming year with prosperity. He’s often depicted with attendants carrying gold ingots, fruits, and treasure, and is often astride a black tiger. He is believed to carry a golden cudgel that can turn iron into gold.[2]
    • According to legend, Caishen has been incarnated into several historical figures, including Bi Gan. Bi Gan’s wife was the aunt of King Zhou of Shang. King Zhou sentenced Bi Gan to death, and the Sheng Dynasty soon collapsed.
3

Cangjie

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  1. Cangjie is a mythical hero credited with inventing the Chinese writing system.
    According to legend, Cangjie was the official historian of the Yellow Emperor, who asked him to devise a method for recording important information. Cangjie journeyed into the wilderness to clear his mind and saw natural patterns in trees, animals, stars, and planets. He translated those patterns into logograms, which would become the Chinese writing system.[3]
    • Another version of the story says that Cangjie was inspired after observing the lines on a tortoise’s shell.
    • He is often depicted with 4 eyes, which allow him to see the world differently than other people. Some stories say he uses his eyes to distinguish the truth from lies.
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4

Chang’e

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  1. Chang’e is the goddess of the moon.
    She is best known for stealing an elixir of immortality from her husband, the legendary archer Hou Yi. After she drinks the potion, she becomes immortal and flees to the moon. The story of Chang’e plays a central role in the annual Mid-Autumn Festival.[4]
    • The story of Chang’e sometimes differs. In some versions, she drinks the elixir because her husband’s apprentice tried to steal it for himself. In others, she is a greedy woman who steals it out of selfishness.
    • Chang’e was once known as Heng’e, but her name was changed because the emperor Liu Heng’s name was similar. An emperor’s name was supposed to be unique.
    • She is often depicted as a beautiful young lady holding a white rabbit. Occasionally, she is depicted as an ugly toad.
    • In some versions of the myth, Chang’e served the Jade Emperor before being condemned to live as a mortal for accidentally breaking a porcelain pot.
5

Changxi

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  1. Changxi is a lunar goddess and the mother of the 12 moons.
    She is also the wife of Di Jun. Depending on how the myth is interpreted, she either gave birth to 12 moons, including Earth’s moon, or gave birth to the 12 calendar months of the year. Because her name is similar to the other moon goddess, Chang’e, it’s believed their legends likely originated from the same primitive Chinese lunar goddess.[5]
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6

Dianmu

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  1. Dianmu is the goddess of lightning.
    She is married to Lei Gong, the god of thunder. She flashes giant, polished mirrors to create the phenomenon of lightning. She and Lei Gong worked with 3 assistants: Yúnzhōngzǐ, who generated clouds; Fēngbó, the god of wind; and Yu Shī, who made it rain.[6]
    • Her other name is Léigōng zhī qī, which is often shortened to “Leizi” and means “Lei Gong’s wife.”
7

Di Jun

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  1. Di Jun is an emperor married to both the sun goddess and moon goddess.
    His wives are Xihe, the sun goddess, and Changxi, the moon goddess. With Xihe, he is the father of the 10 Suns that almost destroyed Earth. The suns were instructed to take turns appearing in the sky, but they decided to all go out and play at the same time. This caused the planet to burn until the archer Hou Yi shot down 9 of them.[7] Di Jun supplied him with the arrows.
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8

Doumu

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  1. Doumu is the mother of the Big Dipper.
    She is a cosmic deity and the female equivalent to Tian, the male half of the Chinese concept of heavenly energy. In some Taoist texts, she is thought to be the goddess Xiwangmu. She was born when Pangu created the universe and is the mother of the Jiuhuángshén, or the Nine God-Kings. They were believed to be represented by the seven stars that surround the Big Dipper.[8]
    • Doumu is often depicted with 16 arms. Usually, two hands are clasped in front of her in prayer while the others hold objects of religious significance.
    • She is considered the embodiment of mercy and love.
9

Dragon King

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  1. The Dragon King is the god of all waters, weather, and dragons.
    His official name is Longwang, and though he is a fearsome guardian deity, he is viewed as a symbol of good fortune and the mythological embodiment of the concept of yang. He is popular among Chinese coastal communities.[9]
    • Longwang has two forms: a zoomorphic dragon form and a warrior lord human persona. As a human, he dresses in royal robes and has blazing red skin. As a dragon, his scale color varies depending on the depiction.
    • In ancient texts, he is described as having the head of a horse, the tail of a snake, and wings.
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10

Eight Immortals

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  1. The Eight Immortals are legendary heroes who fight for justice.
    The group, also known as the Ba Xian, consists of Cao Guojiu, Han Xiangzi, He Xiangu, Lan Caihe, Li Tieguai, Lü Dongbin, Zhang Guolao, and Zhongli Quan. He Xiangu is the only woman in the group. Each member has a special object from which they draw their powers.[10]
    • Cao Guojiu is often depicted holding a jade tablet.
    • Han Xiangzi often holds or plays a flute.
    • He Xiangu carries a lotus flower or a reed pipe instrument called the sheng.
    • Lan Caihe often has a basket of fruit.
    • Li Tieguai holds a cane and a gourd.
    • Lü Dongbin is traditionally depicted in scholar’s robes and holds a large sword.
    • Zhang Guolao often rides a white mule and carries a bamboo fish drum, mallets, and a Peach of Immortality.
    • Zhongli Quan is often depicted with robes that reveal his bare stomach and a long beard that reaches his navel.
11

Erlang Shen

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  1. Erlang Shen is the god of engineering. He is considered one of the greatest warrior gods of Heaven and helped calm catastrophic flooding during ancient times. He has an all-seeing third eye in the middle of his forehead and is either the son of a sister of the Jade Emperor or the ancient Chinese engineer, Li Bing.[11]
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12

Feng Popo

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  1. Feng Popo is the goddess of the wind. Also known as Madame Wind, she rules over wind, storms, and moisture. She carries a sack full of wind in her arms, and when she is angry or the sack becomes too heavy, she releases the wind in the form of violent storms.[12]
    • An earlier wind deity was Feng Bo, also named Fei Lian, but Feng Popo is usually portrayed as replacing him.
13

Fuxi

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  1. Fuxi is humanity’s original ancestor.
    Fuxi is one of the most benevolent gods in ancient China and is credited with several inventions that benefited humanity, including the Chinese writing system, fishing, and the domestication of animals. He is married to his sister Nüwa, and in one version of the myth, the two of them created humanity through their marriage.[13]
    • Fuxi is often depicted as having the head of a human and the body of a snake. In other portrayals, he’s a wise, sage-like man dressed in animal skins or yellow robes.
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14

Gou Mang

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  1. Gou Mang is the god of wood, spring, and the east. He is responsible for nurturing the sprouting and growth of the trees and overseeing the domain where the sun rises. He’s often depicted with a bird’s body and a human head and rides two dragons through the [14]
15

Guanyin

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  1. Guanyin is a goddess of mercy.
    She is considered the physical embodiment of compassion and is called upon by worshippers in times of uncertainty, despair, and fear. She was originally based on the Hindu god Avalokiteśvara and is usually depicted wearing a white robe and jade necklaces, which symbolize purity.[15]
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16

Hou Tu

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  1. Hou Tu is the goddess of Earth and land. She is responsible for overseeing everything on the land, including mountains, rivers, crops, and plants. She is a benevolent deity who watches over the fertile fields to ensure a harmonious cycle of life.[16]
17

Hou Yi

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  1. Hou Yi is a legendary archer and hero. In Chinese mythology, Hou Yi is considered the greatest archer of all time. He is married to the moon goddess Chang’e and is known for shooting down 9 of the 10 suns.[17] He was originally an immortal who lived in the Jade Emperor’s palace but decided to become human in order to help humanity in times of need.
    • Hou Yi has super strength and carries a bow made of tiger bone that only he can draw. His arrows are crafted from dragon tendons.
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18

Huxian

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  1. Huxian is a fox fairy in Chinese mythology.
    Huxian is a fox deity popular in parts of northern China. It is believed to be a descendant of Xiwangmu, the Queen Mother of the West. Huxian is portrayed as a trickster figure who can appear as a human or any animal. Its most common incarnation is the nine-tailed fox.[18]
19

Jade Emperor

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  1. The Jade Emperor is the Supreme Ruler of Heaven. The Jade Emperor is one of the most important figures in Chinese mythology. He is believed to be the first emperor of China and is closely associated with the Chinese New Year, during which he is said to punish or reward people based on their behavior throughout the past year. He is also strongly associated with the Chinese Zodiac, as he hosted the race the animals competed in for their place within the Zodiac.[19]
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20

Ji Gong

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  1. Ji Gong is a folk hero and champion for the poor and oppressed.
    According to legend, Ji Gong was a Buddhist monk who lived during the Song Dynasty in Southern China. He used his supernatural abilities to seek justice for all. He’s often depicted wearing tattered robes and with a carefree expression.[20]
21

Jiutian Xuannu

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  1. Jiutian Xuannü is the goddess of war, sex, and longevity. She possesses many magical powers, including the ability to turn herself invisible and the ability to turn the stars surrounding the Big Dipper into warriors that will defend China. In myths, she’s often portrayed as a confidant who gives advice to powerful leaders.[21]
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22

Lei Gong

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  1. Lei Gong is the god of thunder. He uses a drum to generate the sound of thunder and carries a hammer that he uses to punish sinful humans and battle demons. He has a frightening appearance, consisting of dark blue skin and the face, claws, and wings of a dragon. He is married to the goddess of thunder, Dianmu.[22]
23

Lu Ban

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  1. Lu Ban is the god of carpentry.
    He is the patron of builders and contractors and is an engineer who is credited with several inventions, including the saw and the shovel. It is unclear when he was named a god, but he became a cultural deity and folk hero based on his achievements.[23]
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24

Lu Wu

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  1. Lu Wu is the guardian of the Kunlun Mountains. Also named Kaiming Shou, Lu Wu is a deity as large as 99 tigers who is often depicted with a human head and a tiger’s body with 9 tails. He protects the Kunlun Mountains, a sacred realm in ancient Chinese mythology, and is said to have assisted Yu the Great, the founder of the Xia Dynasty, in defeating monsters and combating a large flood.
25

Mazu

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  1. Mazu is the goddess of the sea.
    She is closely associated with the goddess of mercy, Guanyin, and is the patron goddess of sailors, fishermen, and travelers. She is especially popular in southern Chinese coastal communities, and is believed to have been a real girl named Lin Mo who lived on Meizhou Island during the 10th century.[24]
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26

Menshen

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  1. Menshen are fearsome door gods. The Menshen are a pair of guardian deities that protect the occupants of buildings from demons and bad omens. They’re often depicted as brothers named Yù Lěi and Shén Tú. Their likenesses are often painted on the thresholds of temples, houses, and other buildings.[25]
27

Nezha

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  1. Nezha is a deity who protects teenagers, misfits, and drivers. He is described as a precocious teenage deity who serves as the patron of young adults. He gestated in his mother’s womb for 3 years and 6 months and was born with superhuman strength and the ability to speak. He is always depicted as a teenager, and his name was originally borrowed from the Hindu god Nalakuvara.[26]
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28

Nuba

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  1. Nüba is the goddess of droughts.
    She is the daughter of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor, and defended him against the rain deity, Yu Shi, and the wind deity, Feng Popo, when they rebelled against him. She has the appearance of a normal human but has the ability to move and travel at superhuman speeds. During ancient times, people held ceremonies to drive her out of their towns to end droughts.
29

Nüwa

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  1. Nüwa is the goddess who created mankind. Nüwa is believed to be the first being with the ability to procreate. She married Fuxi, and together, they created humanity through their union. She is mostly associated with China’s creation myth, and today, is usually prayed to by women seeking divine assistance with marital affairs or fertility issues.[27]
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30

Pangu

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  1. Pangu is believed to be the first living being in existence.
    According to legend, Pangu is a horned, hairy beast who created the universe. He is said to have been born from an egg that held the entire cosmos. When he broke free, he released the universe and created the earth and sky.[28]
    • In one version of the myth, he was so exhausted from trying to free himself from the egg that he lay down to take a nap and died. As his body began to decay, it became the earth.
31

Ru Shou

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  1. Ru Shou is the god of metal, autumn, and the west. He oversees the harvest and is responsible for upholding justice, using his giant axe to punish wrongdoers. He is often depicted with white hair, the claws of a tiger, and a snake on his left ear.[29]
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32

Sanguan Dadi

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  1. The Sanguan Dadi are imperial officials of the sky, earth, and sea. The Sanguan Dadi are 3 officials who work under the command of the Jade Emperor. In Taoism, they are some of the highest-ranking deities in the belief system. Each rules over one of the 3 realms and observes and reports the deeds of people, handing out rewards or punishments as necessary. They’re also believed to determine the lifespan of all human beings.[30]
    • Tiānguān is the Official of Heaven, Dìguān is the Official of Earth, and Shuĩguān is the Official of Water.
33

Shennong

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  1. Shennong is the farmer god.
    He is the patron of agriculture and the father of traditional Chinese medicine. He is credited with the creation of agriculture, the preservation of seeds, irrigation, and the invention of the ax, well, and hoe. Also called Yán Dì, he is the second of the Three Kings, a group of ancient, legendary emperor deities.[31]
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34

Sun Wukong

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  1. Sun Wukong is a trickster god known as the Monkey King. He has unmatched superhuman strength and the ability to transform into 72 different animals and objects. Each of his hairs has transformative powers, and he can manipulate wind, water, and fire. He has a short temper and is one of the most important and beloved literary figures in Chinese culture.[32]
35

Tai Feng

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  1. Tai Feng is a god of auspiciousness, or success.
    He is depicted as a human figure with a tiger’s tail. A bright glow follows him wherever he goes, and he is believed to bring good fortune and change the world’s qi, or energy.
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36

Wenchang Wang

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  1. Wenchang Wang is the deity of literature and culture. He is very popular among students cramming for exams and writers facing writer’s block, as they often look to him for guidance, assistance, and inspiration. He is often depicted as a kindly, professor-like man accompanied by two scholarly assistants.[33]
37

Wufang Shangdi

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  1. The Wufang Shangdi are the physical manifestations of the Daoist concept of heaven. The Wufang Shangdi are 5 emperors who are the physical manifestation of the Taoist theological concept of Tian. They manifest in both human forms and as celestial constellations and represent the 5 sacred Chinese mountains, the 5 most important planets in the solar system, the 5 directions of space, and the 5 major constellations that rotate around the North Star.[34]
    • The group consists of Huángdi (the Yellow Emperor), Cāngdì (the Green Emperor), Hēidì (the Black Emperor), Chìdì (the Red Emperor), and Báidì (the White Emperor).
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38

Xihe

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  1. Xihe is a solar goddess and the mother of the 10 suns.
    According to legend, Xihe had a sun chariot, and each of her children (the 10 suns) took turns driving her around the world in it. When they all decided to go out at once one day, the heat scorched the Earth and nearly destroyed the world before the archer Hou Yi shot them down.[35]
39

Xiwangmu

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  1. Xiwangmu is the goddess of life and death. Also known as the Queen Mother of the West, she is one of the most ancient and powerful goddesses in the Chinese pantheon. She has total control over life, death, creation, and destruction, and is married to the Jade Emperor. She is thought to have once been a wild demon that lived in the mountains and caused disasters, but she became a goddess after repenting her evil ways.[36]
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40

Yan Wang

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  1. Yan Wang is the overseer of the Chinese underworld.
    Known as the King of Hell, Yan Wang oversees the underworld, presides over the 10 layers of Diyu (the Chinese-Buddhist Hell), and judges the fate of the dead. He is one of the most feared gods in the pantheon. He carries a calligraphy brush and a large book that contains the name and date of death for every person who ever lived and will ever live.[37]
41

Ying Zhao

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  1. Ying Zhao is the guardian of a garden in heaven. He is depicted with a horse’s body, a human torso, bird wings, and a tiger’s pattern. In addition to protecting a mystical garden in heaven, he soars through the sky to travel across the world and has participated in several wars against evil forces.[38]
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42

Yue Lao

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  1. Yue Lao is the god of love and marriage. He appears to people beneath the light of the moon and carries a red, silken rope that he uses to “tie” couples together. Because of this, he’s closely associated with the myth of the red string of fate. His full name is Yuè Xià Lao Rén, which means “the old man under the moon.”[39]
43

Yu Qiang

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  1. Yu Qiang is the god of water, winter, and the north.
    He is described as having the body of a bird and the face of a human, and he has a serpent mount for each foot. He is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor and his father is Yuhao, another sea god.
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44

Yu Shi

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  1. Yu Shi is an ancient Chinese rain deity. He works closely with the wind deity Feng Popo and is said to have ended a severe drought during the reign of Shennong by sprinkling rain over the land from an earthenware pot. Both he and Feng Popo rebelled against Huangdi but were defeated by the drought goddess Nüba.[40]
45

Zao Jun

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  1. Zao Jun is a folk deity who watches over the home and family.
    Known as the “Stove God,” Zao Jun is said to reside in the stove or hearth area of a house and returns to heaven annually on the 23rd day of the 12th lunar month to report on the status of families to the Jade Emperor. He is one of the lowest-ranking gods but is one of the most commonly worshipped.[41]
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46

Zhong Kui

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  1. Zhong Kui is a protector deity who fights ghosts. Known as the Demon Hunter and King of Ghosts, Zhong Kui commands more than 80,000 demons and ghosts, but also fights and hunts them. His likeness is often hung on the doors of homes and businesses to protect against malevolent spirits.[42]
47

Zhu Rong

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  1. Zhu Rong is the god of fire, summer, and the south. According to legend, he taught humanity the use of fire and serves as the guardian of Mount Heng in Hunan Province. He is depicted with a beast’s body and a human head and is also known as the Deity of Nanyue the Great.[43]
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48

Zhu Yin

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  1. Zhu Yin is the deity of the Zhong Mountains. He has a dragon’s head and a red, snake-like body that stretches over 500 kilometers in length. He inhabits the mystical Zhong Mountains and is responsible for controlling time and weather. When he opens his eyes, he brings daytime to the world, and when he closes them, he brings darkness. When he inhales, it’s summer, and when he exhales, it’s winter.[44]

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References

  1. ↑ https://mythlok.com/bixia/
  2. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  3. ↑ https://mythlok.com/cangjie/
  4. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  5. ↑ https://mythlok.com/chang-xi/
  6. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  7. ↑ https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/ChineseMythology
  8. ↑ https://searchcollection.asianart.org/objects/2414/the-daoist-deity-doumu
  9. ↑ https://historycooperative.org/chinese-gods/
  1. ↑ https://historycooperative.org/chinese-gods/
  2. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  3. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lei-Gong
  4. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  5. ↑ http://sky.godchecker.com/chinese-mythology/GOU-MANG/ sky.godchecker.com/chinese-mythology/GOU-MANG/
  6. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  7. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hou-Tu
  8. ↑ https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/ChineseMythology
  9. ↑ https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0416041
  10. ↑ https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/prb/heavenly.htm
  11. ↑ https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Jigong.html
  12. ↑ https://mythlok.com/jiutian-xuannu/
  13. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lei-Gong
  14. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  15. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  16. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Men-Shen
  17. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  18. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  19. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  20. ↑ https://myths-in-media.fandom.com/wiki/Ru_shou
  21. ↑ https://en.daoinfo.org/index.php?title=The_Three_Great_Emperor-Officials&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop
  22. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  23. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  24. ↑ https://oldworldgods.com/chinese/what-is-wenchang-wang/
  25. ↑ https://mythlok.com/shangdi/
  26. ↑ https://mythologysource.com/xihe-chinese-goddess/
  27. ↑ https://historycooperative.org/chinese-gods/
  28. ↑ https://mythlok.com/yanwang/
  29. ↑ https://myths-in-media.fandom.com/wiki/Ying_zhao
  30. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  31. ↑ https://mythologysource.com/yu-shi-chinese-god/
  32. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zao-Jun
  33. ↑ https://timelessmyths.com/gods/chinese
  34. ↑ https://mythlok.com/zhurong/
  35. ↑ https://www.monstropedia.org/index.php?title=Zhuyin

About This Article

Raven Minyard, BA
Co-authored by:
Raven Minyard, BA
wikiHow Staff Writer
This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Raven Minyard, BA. Raven Minyard received her BA in English and Creative Writing from Sweet Briar College in 2020. While in college, she served as the Coeditor-in-Chief of Sweet Briar's literary magazine Red Clay and has since gone on to write for publications such as The Zillennial Zine and Halloween Every Night. Raven recalls reading articles from wikiHow's early days during her childhood and is thrilled to now write for their content team. She enjoys learning about new interests and topics with each article she writes and hopes to help audiences of all backgrounds continue to learn new and exciting things.
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